"One of the most widely used impact factors is calculated by Thomson Reuters by dividing the average number of citations given to articles in a journal by the total number of papers. Normally the figure is calculated for articles published over the previous two years.
“Editors’ JIF-boosting stratagems – Which are appropriate and which not?”, by Ben Martin, a professor of science and technology policy studies at the University of Sussex, lists a number of potentially suspect ways journals manipulate this figure.
For example, editors may try to “coerce” authors into citing papers in their journals in return for inclusion.
Also criticised is a relatively new stratagem, the “online queue”, where journals make a number of papers available online but without having published them. This allows them to push up the number of citations they receive, but as articles are not counted until they are published, these papers do not add to the denominator by which the citations are divided."
https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/journal-impact-factors-no-longer-credible
For example, editors may try to “coerce” authors into citing papers in their journals in return for inclusion.
Also criticised is a relatively new stratagem, the “online queue”, where journals make a number of papers available online but without having published them. This allows them to push up the number of citations they receive, but as articles are not counted until they are published, these papers do not add to the denominator by which the citations are divided."
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